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Exosome

Exosome

Exosomes are vesicles ranging in size from 30 to 200 nanometers that are released by all known cells. These vesicles, which were first discovered in the 1980s, were initially thought to be just unwanted cell debris. However, research over the last 20 years has revealed that exosomes actually have important physiological functions. Unlike other extracellular vesicles, exosomes distinguish themselves by their unique biogenesis pathway, lipid composition, cargo they carry, and size. Studies have shown that these vesicles can be obtained from all body fluids and play a key role in many biological functions such as intercellular communication, signal transduction, genetic material transfer and regulation of the immune system response.

Exosomes have a wide variety of functions. It also plays an especially important role in disease pathogenesis. The fact that these vesicles have immunosuppressive and activating properties originating from different cells allows the development of therapeutic applications in conditions such as autoimmune diseases and immune suppression. Besides this, exosomes function as a natural nanocarrier, which plays an important role in the design of next-generation vaccines. The use of exosomes as carriers also allows effective transport of adjuvant and antigen.

In addition to being used in therapeutic applications, exosomes are also thought to play a potential role in cancer diagnosis. For example, the role of exosomes in the pathogenesis of cancer types such as prostate cancer, glioblastoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma is being examined. These findings show that exosomes have significant potential in both diagnosis and treatment.
The use of exosomes as carrier vesicles, especially for lipid-soluble drugs and genetic materials, is an important advance in therapeutic applications. When used as vaccine carriers, exosomes can carry antigen and adjuvant together. The structure of exosomes offers a number of advantages over artificial carriers. Being natural is the most important of these advantages. Exosomes; They can be collected from many biological fluids, such as serum, plasma, urine, amniotic fluid, synovial fluid, breast milk, and saliva. This indicates that exosomes have uniform biodistribution and a stable structure in body fluids. Additionally, thanks to their small size, exosomes can easily overcome various body obstacles. Considering all these advantages, the use of exosomes for therapeutic purposes appears as a rising trend.

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RESOURCES

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